Grades 4 – 8
Age: different units of time and estimation
Bar graphs
Bias: its effects on survey results
Circle graphs, pie charts
Comparing data and drawing conclusions
Conclusions you can or cannot make from a survey
Fractions, ratios, measurement
Investigating a question or hypothesis, use of graphs
Mean, median and mode
Percentages, estimation and forecasting
Scatter plots
Stem and leaf plots
Grades 9 – 12
Analyzing data
Comparing two datasets on a phenomenon using frequency tables and graphs; identifying variables that influence the phenomenon
Examining a hypothesis by comparing data from two groups of respondents; Histograms, quartiles, standard deviations
Analyzing Canadian data on recycling and household environmental responsibility
Analyzing a time-use dataset
The effect of hidden variables on the analysis of different hypotheses; Outliers, maximum & minimum values, range, average, significant difference, contingency table, population, frequencies, anthropometric variable
Investigating a hypothesis
Measures of central tendency; Frequency tables and graphs; Extrapolations
Exploring relationships between variables
Scatter plots and lines of best fit; plotted manually
Scatter plots and lines of best fit created manually, then using technology; Line of best fit; median-median line method; Least squares regression method
Modelling data with linear functions using analytical software
How controlled variables and size of the sample affect whether or not a relationship exists between two variables
Sampling
1. Variations in samples
- Sample, population, mean, standard deviation, standard error of the mean
- Histograms and frequency polygons
- sample sizes
2. Confidence intervals
- normal distribution, central limit theorem
- Sample size: choosing enough cases to effectively compare different groups.
- Data management activities using analytical software: The effect of sample size on data analysis